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In 1991, Linus Torvalds began to work on the Linux kernel while he was attending the University of Helsinki. Torvalds originally created the Linux kernel as a non-commercial replacement for the Minix kernel; he later changed his original non-free license to the GPLv2, which differed primarily in that it also allowed for commercial redistribution. Linux filled the last major gap in running a complete, fully functional free operating system.

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Explain the read, write, and execute permissions on a UNIX directory

Courtesy: Navdeep Singh

There are 3 types of directory/file permissions (read, write and execute), and access is defined in the combinations of these 3 attributes:

Read allows you to see and list the directory contents.
Write allows you to create, edit and delete files and subdirectories in the directory.
Execute gives you the permissions to run programs or shells from the directory.

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